Icao Doc 8168 Vol 2 May 2026

: Designing for traditional ground-based aids like VOR, NDB, and ILS.

Procedures for Air Navigation Services (PANS) - Aircraft Operations

: Providing design rules for the five segments of an instrument approach: arrival, initial, intermediate, final, and missed approach. Icao Doc 8168 Vol 2

, formally titled "Construction of Visual and Instrument Flight Procedures," is the essential technical manual for procedure design specialists. While Volume I is designed for flight crews, Volume II provides the complex mathematical criteria and obstacle clearance requirements needed to build safe, regular instrument flight operations worldwide. Core Purpose and Scope

Volume II is divided into parts that address different navigation technologies and phases of flight: : Designing for traditional ground-based aids like VOR,

: Protecting the transition from instrument flight to visual landing. Latest Updates

: Specific rules for straight and turning departures, often requiring minimum climb gradients (typically 3.3%) to clear obstacles. While Volume I is designed for flight crews,

: Defining the minimum vertical separation (MOC) required between an aircraft and any terrain or man-made obstacles.