The GSM network architecture is divided into three primary subsystems that manage communication, switching, and operations:
Includes features such as call forwarding, call waiting, and multi-party conferences. GSM – Architecture, Protocols and Services
Uses the Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) to store unique identity information. Security is maintained through a challenge-response authentication mechanism and over-the-air encryption using algorithms like A5. The GSM network architecture is divided into three
Uses modified versions of LAPD (called LAP-Dm) for the air interface and SS7 protocols (MTP) for the network interface. Layer 3 (Network): Divided into three sublayers: GSM – Architecture, Protocols and Services
The central node for call routing and management.