Behaviors intended to prevent others from playing as intended, such as intentional friendly fire or teabagging (repeated crouching over a downed opponent as a sign of disrespect).
Sociological theories help explain why these behaviors persist: call-of-duty-deviance
This includes the use of hate speech , harassment , and derogatory comments based on race, gender identity, or sexual orientation. Interestingly, research shows players are more likely to acknowledge toxic negativity than positive communication, often viewing positivity with suspicion. Behaviors intended to prevent others from playing as