: Benefit from institutional pricing and economies of scale, though they carry annual expense ratios. Income Predictability
: Usually pay semi-annual interest, offering fixed, predictable cash flows. buying bonds vs bond funds
: Can be costlier due to wide "bid-ask spreads" for retail-sized trades ($1,000–$100,000). A Vanguard report highlights that retail muni bond spreads averaged 56.4 basis points, compared to just 20.2 for institutional-scale trades. : Benefit from institutional pricing and economies of
: Provide a guaranteed return of principal at a fixed date (assuming no default). buying bonds vs bond funds
: Offer instant diversification across thousands of issuers for a low minimum investment. When to Choose Each Strategy