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: A newer study from SMU Cox School of Business suggests that for high-budget "spectacle" films, piracy may occasionally act as marketing, driving some users to the theater for the full experience.

: The paper argues that the widespread use of sites like 123Movies is driven by how closely their interfaces resemble legitimate Over-the-Top (OTT) platforms, making the transition "seamless" for users. Related Research on the Topic 6.7 / 10 123movies1...

One particularly insightful paper is published in the journal Information Economics and Policy . Key Findings of the Paper : A newer study from SMU Cox School

: Research from Carnegie Mellon University found that blocking multiple piracy sites simultaneously (like the 2018 shutdown of the original 123Movies) successfully increases legal streaming by up to 12% . Key Findings of the Paper : Research from

: The paper examines whether legal streaming services like Netflix act as a replacement for sites like 123Movies . It found that removing a movie from Netflix significantly increases the intent to pirate that specific title.

If you are interested in how these platforms operate and their impact, you might also find these studies relevant: